Portrait Studies Education System in Saudi Arabia

Portrait Studies Education System in Saudi Arabia

PRELIMINARY

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established in the 1920s, but the proclamation of the country conducted in 1932 by King Abdul Aziz ibn Abdul Rahman al-Sa'ud. Thus, the founder of this kingdom was King Abdul Aziz (deceased) who died in 1373 H or 1953 AD, and was replaced by his son, King Abdul Aziz ibn Ra'ud. Thereafter, successive King of Saudi Arabia is the King Faisal, King Khaled, and followed King Fahd ibn Abdul Aziz ibn Sa'ud.

The education system in Saudi Arabia is basically taking the existing curriculum in other Arab countries, especially the countries of Egypt, with more emphasis on religious subjects. The curriculum for the schools of men and women at every level of the same in practice the same except school subjects women add household management, while adding a male school physical subjects that are not taught at a girls' school. Private schools required by law to follow the same curriculum as the public schools.

In this paper the authors will describe the discussion of the study of the portrait of the education system in Saudi Arabia. Starting from portrait system of government, education system, demographic and income country, and so on Countries Saudi Arabia.

DISCUSSION

      A.    Images System of Government

The country's official name is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ( The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ) which was established in 1932. Earlier the birth of this country when Abdul-Azeez Ibn Abdur-Rahman and Sultan al-Saud of Nejd and followers unite the two parts of the country under one administration and one name. Said Saudi itself comes from the name of the ruling House of Saud. The house or palace of Saud has been in power since 1744 when its founder Muhammad Ibn Saud, emir or penduasa Diri'yah area, a small state of semi-independence in Najd (in the middle of the Arab region) started entering the political-religious alliance with Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhab, a reformist Muslim fundamentalists. This alliance gives legal recognition to the region and to the Saudi fundamentalist reformist political support and military jihad in order to purify the faith and healing every prektek-prektek gross considered as part of the modernization. In the 1990s, this alliance is still alive and altif among the descendants of Muhammad Ibn Saud, and a descendant of Muhammad Ibn Wahhab, and also live in the network Wahhabist scholars. This alliance is part of the recognition of the Saudi state. [1]

The system of government Saudi Arabia is a monarchy or empire, with the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad as its laws. Legislative and judicial powers held by the council and the king's cabinet. This time his crown prince is Prince Abdullah ibn Abdul Aziz al-Saud, who is also the Deputy Prime Minister and Commander of the National Guard.

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia commemorate the national day every year, on the first day of the constellation Libra, which is dated September 23, according to the date of the establishment of the kingdom by King Abdul Aziz al-Sa'ud. Official calendar is the Islamic calendar, which is guided over the events of the migration of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, which coincided with the year 622 AD [2]

    B.     Demographic Conditions and Potential Income Countries

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia located in the southwest corner of the Asian continent, covers an area of 2.4.00.000 km 2 , occupying 4/5 or 80 o / o  of the total area of the Arabian Peninsula. On the western border with Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait; on the east by the Arabian Gulf; in the south bordering Oman and Yemen. Its population of more than 16.9 million inhabitants (1994), with Riyadh as its capital. Saudi Arabia belong to the geographical conditions specific: mostly desert, hills, and in some areas adjacent to the river or sea. [3]

Geographically, Saudi Arabia is divided into three land parcels that lie far from the northern tip to far to the south end. Soil eastern part became the Saudi Eastern Province, the land becomes the center of the central province (or Nejd); western part of the land is divided into two provinces: Propins west (or Hijaz) and the South Province (or Asseer). Except for the mountainous area in the southwestern province of Asseer, Saudi Arabia generally Yag dry desert area that gets an average rainfall of 100 millimeters per year.

Historically, harsh environments and rough, plus malnutrition and health care facilities, resulting in sparse population living in an area. During the 1960s the population is estimated at only 1.5 to 2 million people ( Stacey International 1977). Increased revenue from oil, especially during the 1960s and continuous improvement of education, nutrition, and health facilities has affected the reduction in infant mortality, increasing life expectancy and the time limit reduced emigration.

Before the commercial oil production at the start of 1938, the revenues may be said to be very small and mainly comes from foreign aid, money has come from foreign Muslims perform the pilgrimage and of annual tax ( tithe ) which is in the form borne by the cattle agricultural production

In 1991, there is a new unofficial statistics, which recorded a population of Saudi Arabia is, about 16 million people, 11.5 million (72%) are citizens, and 4.5 million (28%) are guest workers and their followers. The average growth of native Arab population was 3.65%, mainly through the birth, while the growth of foreign population 4.3%, primarily through immigration. [4]

Saudi Arabia including the biggest wheat exporter to-6 (1991). High-quality date palm plantations are also able to penetrate the international market. To improve the service to pilgrims, local authorities continue to build and renovate various buildings and facilities associated with the pilgrimage, including the construction and renovation of mosques in Mecca and Medina. For centuries the Hajj is not just run a religious duty, but as a source of foreign exchange in the world to beat a limited income results tourist visits other countries . [5]

After World War II, Saudi Arabia's oil production into state revenue base; although only started in 1973 when there was a revolution in world oil prices, the national development Saudi Arabia has increased dramatically. State Budget (APBN) Saudi Arabia in 1977 reached 40 billion US $, three years later, in 198, increased to 70 billion US $. Content is only the fund is able to develop the city's infrastructure. Not to miss, the field of education. Aside from visiting pilgrims, the economic power of Saudi Arabia comes from oil. [6]

    C.    Philosophy of Education who cite Basic Education Development

Thinking about education in Saudi Arabia initially patterned kuttab education and the education system in Saudi Arabia separate men and women in accordance with Islamic law. Thus, when viewed from the realm of philosophy, Arabia is promoting the ideology of the nation which is an Islamic country. [7]

In 1989, Saudi Arabia has the education system with more than 14,000 educational institutions, including seven universities and teacher training, eleven universities, in addition to schools for vocational and technical training, special needs and adult literacy. The system is growing very rapidly, so that in 1988-1989 alone, 950 new schools opened to accommodate 400,000 new students.

Administratively, the two organizations oversee most educational institutions in the kingdom. The education department supervise the education of boys, educational programs for disability, education of adults and junior colleges to laiki men. Girls 'education is managed by the Directorate General of Girls' Education, an organization run by clerics, working closely with the Ministry of Education. Derektoral General oversees the general education of girls, kindergarten and nurseries for both boys and girls and literacy programs hurif women, as well as college and junior college education for girls. Department of Higher Education is the supervising authority of the royal colleges and universities. [8]

       D.    Strategic Policy Field Of Education

The education system in Saudi Arabia split between men and women in accordance with Islamic law. In general, the education system is divided into three main sections:

1.      Public education for men

2.      General education for women

3.      Islamic education to boys

For general education, both men and women receive the same curriculum and the same annual exam anyway. General exam is divided into 4 sections: Basic Education consisting of SD (6-12 years), secondary education (12-15 years), secondary pendidian (15-18 years) and higher education (University or Academic). [9]

As a form of youth development, Saudi Arabia seek to enhance their performance in the field of sport and culture are handled by the State Agency for Youth Welfare Affairs ( General Presidency of Youth Welfare ). King fadh International Stadium in Riyadh, inaugurated in 1408 H or 1988 AD is one of the centers of world sports arena which can accommodate 80,000 spectators.

The problem of education in Saudi Arabia is handled by two departments, both departments are:

1.      Wizarah al-Ma'rifaWa al-Tsaqafah (Ministry of Science and Culture), which handles Elementary and Secondary Education, both general and specific

2.      Wizarah al-Ta'lim al-Aly (Ministry of Higher Learning), which handles higher education institutions, both within Public Higher Education (PTU) and Religion (PTA). [10]

     E.     Policy Against State Islamic Religious Education

Since the 1950s, Saudi Arabia has launched an educational endeavor. Education was established free of charge for all residents, the entire cost is borne by the government. Even certain school or institution established abroad to popularize Arabic or Islamic studies, not only without charge, but applicants who received funding for benefits for accommodation, books and others. Lately, Saudi Arabia has doubled His translation of the Qur'an and which has been ratified by the Ministry of Religious Affairs in Indonesia to be printed and distributed to various mosques and other Islamic educational institutions. [11]

Since the 1920s, a small number of private institutions have been offering limited secular education for boys, but it was not until 1951 that an extensive program of publicly funded secondary school starts. In 1957, the first university not dedicated to religious subjects, university Riyadh, then replaced with King Saud University, was established. Ministry of education, given public educational institutions for boys, founded in 1954. The publicly funded education for girls started in 1960 under the inspiration of then Crown Prince Faisal and his wife Iffat.

Traditional Islamic education for men focused to form a prospective board member of the clergy. The curriculum for the traditional Islamic schools are also part using the general education curriculum, but the focus on Islamic studies and Arabic. For religious education, carried out under the supervision of Imam Saud Islamic University (Riyadh) and the Islamic University of Madinah (Medina). However, in public universities, Islamic religious instruction is a compulsory subject any student majors. [12]

   F.     Curriculum Development and Workforce Development

1.      Curriculum development

With little expertise in modern education, the education system in Saudi Arabia is basically taking the existing curriculum in other Arab countries, especially the countries of Egypt, with more emphasis on religious subjects. The curriculum for the schools of men and women at every level of the same in practice the same except school subjects women add household management, while adding a male school physical subjects that are not taught at a girls' school. Private schools required by law to follow the same curriculum as the public schools.

Implementing the curriculum is monitored through various ways such as through principals, visits by inspectors from district offices, and also through the end of the examination system that covers all the material that should be taught in each semester. [13]

2.      Personnel Development.

Most schools in Saudi Arabia executed at three management levels: school, district, and national levels. At the school level, the principal responsible for carrying out the daily operations of the school, such as discipline, lists, presence, registration, supervision of teachers and so on. All schools in certain districts included in a district directorate that acts as a link between each school and the central government ministry or organization which she is employed.

District Directorate is responsible for the placement of teachers, disputes between teachers and principals, the complaints of parents, school logistics, and others. Ministries or national agencies located in the capital city, Riyadh. Common functions national offices are lifting personnel, establish policies and curriculum, allocate funds, make plans, make the selection and printing of textbooks, carry out supervision and mengadministrasian various educational efforts.

To provide teachers in expanding primary school in Saudi, teacher education institutions established by the government. Education program lasts for two years with prospective students of primary school graduates. These institutions then increased its program into three years after junior high school graduates, and this is what most of today who become primary school teachers in Saudi Arabia. Teachers for junior high school and above are generally four-year college graduates, although some teachers of junior high school graduates of teacher education programs at the secondary level. [14]

     G.    Hierarchical arrangements of Education System Developed

Basic level, set up two kinds of madrassas, the Madrasah al-Qur'an (type of educational garden Qur'an in Indonesia) and the Islamic Elementary School (elementary school) replaces the village school were removed in 1954. For the secondary level, there are two levels of all public schools (non-vocational), namely Kafaah and Tuhijiyah each three years old, but later changed to I'dadiyah long learning is also three years. Changes in education policy in Saudi Arabia is not experiencing difficulties, including the fact considering the composition of a homogeneous society, with Islam as the only way of life.

Upper secondary level called MTs there are two departments, namely Ilmi (majoring in science) and Adabi (Department of literature). The school is of a general nature (nonkejuruan) with a focus on preparing students to continue their studies to the level of higher education. Nonetheless, for those who intend to go into the community are provided with specific skills by educational institutions with various alternative majors, such as teacher training, enterprise, trade, kejian Koran and Islamic theology. [15]

Education for children of Saudi women is managed exclusively by a body that is the General Administration of Girl's Education (GAGE), which was formed in 1960. The establishment of special schools for children of women delayed because of the sense objections from some parents and scholars considers that the establishment of modern schools were detrimental to the children of women. Schools this woman was placed under the supervision and management of the clergy, and thus separate from the Ministry of Education.

The entire pre-school education in Saudi Arabia, whether public or private are under GAGE. The reason is because all personnel involved in the management, administrative staff or teachers are women. In these schools apply koedukasional system in which boys may be merged with the girls until they are 7 years old. After that they began to separate, the boys continue their education to schools under the Ministry of Education, and daughters to schools that are under GAGE. [16]

     H.    The Difference Between Private Education Institute and State Owned

Expansion Formal religious education programs in the community that technological modernization has created some economic dislocation and some degree of social polarization between those who are equipped mainly with religious education and they are ready to work a modern economic sector.

The private sector, for example, where most of the employment growth is estimated to 1990-1995, the work done is projected to increase by 213 500, but at the same time Saudi Arabia labor is estimated to increase by 433 900. As a result, increasing numbers of graduates in religious studies in 1985, 2733 students at the Islamic University of Madinah and more than 8,000 at Muhammad bin Saud University in Riyadh is a potential source of dissatisfaction from the state and the modernization agenda. [17]

CHAPTER III

COVER

The system of government Saudi Arabia is a monarchy or empire, with the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad as its laws. Legislative and judicial powers held by the council and the king's cabinet.

Geographically, Saudi Arabia is divided into three land parcels that lie far from the northern tip to far to the south end. Soil eastern part became the Saudi Eastern Province, the land becomes the center of the central province (or Nejd); western part of the land is divided into two provinces: Propins west (or Hijaz) and the South Province (or Asseer).

The education system in Saudi Arabia is basically taking the existing curriculum in other Arab countries, especially the countries of Egypt, with more emphasis on religious subjects. For the development of education personnel, government building of teacher education institutions.

Education System in Saudi Arabia split between men and women according to Islamic law. In general, the education system is divided into three main parts: general education for men, public education for girls, d an Islamic education for men